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	<title>The Total Collapse &#187; Kuwait</title>
	<atom:link href="http://www.thetotalcollapse.com/tag/kuwait/feed/" rel="self" type="application/rss+xml" />
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	<description>World War III guaranteed</description>
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		<title>US Deploys 15,000 Troops To Kuwait As Tensions With Iran Increase</title>
		<link>http://www.thetotalcollapse.com/us-deploys-15000-troops-to-kuwait-as-tensions-with-iran-increase/</link>
		<comments>http://www.thetotalcollapse.com/us-deploys-15000-troops-to-kuwait-as-tensions-with-iran-increase/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Thu, 26 Jan 2012 22:15:16 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>TheTotalCollapse.com</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[War]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Iran]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Kuwait]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Military]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[news]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[troops]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[US]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.thetotalcollapse.com/?p=8314</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[The United States is not at war with Iran yet, but just in case,the Pentagon says they want to be prepared. To do so, the Department of Defense has dispatched 15,000 troops to the neighboring nation of Kuwait. Gen. James Mattis, the Marine Corps head that rules over the US Central Command, won approval late [...]]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p></p><p>The United States is not at war with Iran yet, but just in case,the Pentagon says they want to be prepared. To do so, the Department of Defense has dispatched 15,000 troops to the neighboring nation of Kuwait.</p>
<p>Gen. James Mattis, the Marine Corps head that rules over the US Central Command, won approval late last year from the White House to deploy the massive surge to the tiny West Asian country Kuwait, which is separated from Iran by only a narrow span of the Persian Gulf.</p>
<p>The latest deployment, which was ushered in without much presentation to the public, adds a huge number of troops aligned with America’s arsenal that are now surrounding Iran on literally every front. In late 2011, the US equipped neighboring United Arab Emirates with advanced weaponry created to disrupt underground nuclear operations. In adjacent Pakistan, Afghanistan and Iraq, American military presence has long been all but enormous.</p>
<p>While the US has not placed any boots on the ground in Iran, an unauthorized surveillance mission of a US steal drone in December prompted Tehran to become enraged at Washington. US officials insist that Iran is on the verge of a nuclear weaponry program, despite lacking sufficient evidence or confirmation. During the drone mission, Iran authorities intercepted the craft and forced it into a safe landing. Tensions have only worsened between the two nations in the month since, but Defense Secretary Leon Panetta said that stealth missions into Iran will continue “<a href="http://rt.com/usa/news/panetta-absolutely-iran-drone-831/">absolutely</a>,” despite ongoing opposition from overseas.</p>
<p>In calling for the latest surge to Kuwait, Gen.Mattis said the deployment was necessary to keep Iran in check and keep America prepared for any other threats in the area. It comes only weeks after the last American troops vacated nearby Iraq, where the US still in actuality has an advance presence — the American embassy in Baghdad employs thousands of armed military contractors.</p>
<p>The move to build up military presence in Kuwait comes at a time when the foreign government is at odds to a degree with a US. While protesters in America this week have demonstrated against the ten year anniversary of the opening of the Guantanamo Bay prison facility, the Kuwait government has increased efforts to have two of their own men transferred out of Gitmo and sent back home. Both Fawzi al-Odah and Fayiz al-Kandari have been detained at Guantanamo since 2002, although only one of the two Kuwaiti citizens has ever been charged.</p>
<p><a href="http://rt.com/usa/news/us-troops-kuwait-iran-741/" target="_blank">Source</a>.
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		<title>Iranian Al Qods cells for Saudi Arabia, Turkey, Kuwait to hit oil and US targets</title>
		<link>http://www.thetotalcollapse.com/irans-al-qods-cells-for-saudi-arabia-turkey-kuwait-to-hit-oil-and-us-targets/</link>
		<comments>http://www.thetotalcollapse.com/irans-al-qods-cells-for-saudi-arabia-turkey-kuwait-to-hit-oil-and-us-targets/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Thu, 19 Jan 2012 10:46:37 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>TheTotalCollapse.com</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[War]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Al Qods]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Kuwait]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[news]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Saudi Arabia]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Turkey]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[US]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.thetotalcollapse.com/?p=8284</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[In the past 48 hours, Saudi Arabia, Kuwait and Turkey have alerted Washington to intelligence reports of Iranian Al Qods Brigades operatives heading their way for attacks on oil installations and American targets. The alert was accompanied by a query about how the US intended to respond to the approaching menace. Reporting this, DEBKAfile’s intelligence and [...]]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p></p><p>In the past 48 hours, Saudi Arabia, Kuwait and Turkey have alerted Washington to intelligence reports of Iranian Al Qods Brigades operatives heading their way for attacks on oil installations and American targets. The alert was accompanied by a query about how the US intended to respond to the approaching menace.</p>
<p>Reporting this, DEBKAfile’s intelligence and counterterrorism sources say the information relayed to Washington was more detailed and specific than the customary tip-off.</p>
<p>Tuesday, Jan. 17, a US spokesman accused Tehran of deepening its involvement in the Syrian conflict. For the second time in a week, Washington disclosed that Al Qods commander Gen. Qassem Soleimani had visited Damascus recently, confirming Iranian arms shipments for ensuring President Bashar Assad&#8217;s victory over the uprising against him.</p>
<p>DEBKAfile’s intelligence sources report that another part of Soleimani&#8217;s Damascus mission was to synchronize the Al Qods cells&#8217; strikes across the Middle East – in Turkey, Lebanon, Gaza and Sinai – with the tempo of Assad&#8217;s crackdown on protest. He also dealt with setting up terrorist attacks against Israeli targets.</p>
<p>A US spokesman said: “We are confident that he was received at the highest levels of the Syrian government, including by President Assad.”</p>
<p>Four months ago, in October 2011, the US accused Soleimani of a hatching a conspiracy to assassinate the Saudi ambassador in Washington.</p>
<p>Tuesday night, the Turkish Security General Directorate-EGM put all the country&#8217;s 81 districts on guard for the expected arrival of Al Qods operatives to stir up mass unrest against the Erdogan government and attack the US embassy and provincial consulates-general.</p>
<p>Their arrival, said the EGM notice, would be coordinated with the infiltration of Hizballah terrorist teams to Turkey.</p>
<p>DEBKAfile’s sources in Ankara believe Tehran is kicking off its first round of Middle East terrorist operations in Turkey as punishment for consenting to the installation of a US radar station on its soil for the NATO shield against incoming Iranian missile attacks, in defiance of Iran&#8217;s warnings. The Erdogan government is also being penalized for actively supporting Syrian resistance to the Assad regime, especially the Free Syrian Army-SFA.</p>
<p>When Iranian parliament speaker Ali Larijani visited Ankara Jan. 12, he delivered a last warning to the Turkish government to desist from both steps, although the visit was officially billed as focusing on the resumption of nuclear negotiations between Iran and the five powers plus Germany.  Larijani&#8217;s talks clearly ended in disagreement, judging by his parting shot: “We&#8217;ve got our ways of doing things.”</p>
<p>A senior counterterrorism source told DEBKAfile sources on Wednesday, Jan. 18 that the Iranians are setting Turkey up as an example to show the US and their Middle East antagonists what they can expect when Tehran lets the Al Qods Brigades loose against them.</p>
<p>According to the information relayed to Washington by Saudi Arabia and Kuwait, Al Qods has been placed on the ready for action, such as blowing up oil fields, oil pipelines and oil export terminals. Some of its cells are already present among the two countries&#8217; Shiite populations in the guise of longtime Saudi and Kuwaiti nationals of Iranian descent; others to be dropped by sea on the Saudi and Kuwaiti coasts.</p>
<p><a href="http://www.debka.com/article/21659/" target="_blank">Source</a>.
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		<title>No US warships off Kuwait</title>
		<link>http://www.thetotalcollapse.com/no-us-warships-off-kuwait/</link>
		<comments>http://www.thetotalcollapse.com/no-us-warships-off-kuwait/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Mon, 04 Jul 2011 18:22:40 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>TheTotalCollapse.com</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Military]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Kuwait]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[news]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[US]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[warships]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.thetotalcollapse.com/?p=7309</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[The State department said today there was “absolutely no truth” in a Moscow Radio report that five U.S. warships had arrived in Kuwait waters. Meanwhile, the main British troops landings at the Persian Gulf State of Kuwait will be completed by tomorrow or on Thursday. Foreign Secretary Lord Home said in London today. He said [...]]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p></p><p>The State department said today there was “absolutely no truth” in a Moscow Radio report that five U.S. warships had arrived in Kuwait waters. Meanwhile, the main British troops landings at the Persian Gulf State of Kuwait will be completed by tomorrow or on Thursday. Foreign Secretary Lord Home said in London today.</p>
<p>He said that any future operations would be connected only with the supplying or replacement of these troops Lord Home was speaking at a luncheon of the Foreign Press Association here. The Foreign Secretary warned against any misinterpretation of the “build up” of British forces in the Persian Gulf, following Iraq’s declaration that it would annex Kuwait.</p>
<p>“All we want is a force big enough to ensure the independence of Kuwait, but no bigger than that,” he said.</p>
<p><a href="http://www.deccanchronicle.com/dc50/no-us-warships-kuwait-703" target="_blank">Source</a>.
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		<title>Fox News: US must take Iraq, Kuwait oil</title>
		<link>http://www.thetotalcollapse.com/fox-news-us-must-take-iraq-kuwait-oil/</link>
		<comments>http://www.thetotalcollapse.com/fox-news-us-must-take-iraq-kuwait-oil/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Wed, 19 Jan 2011 11:59:05 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>TheTotalCollapse.com</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[General]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Fox News]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Iraq]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Kuwait]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[news]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[oil]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[US]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[War]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.thetotalcollapse.com/?p=5009</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[Following a significant hike in oil prices, an angry Fox News host has exclaimed that the United States has every right to take the oil from Iraq and Kuwait. On his Friday show, the Great American Panel, Sean Hannity, said that Iraq and Kuwait should &#8220;pay for their own liberation&#8221; by the United States. &#8220;I [...]]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p></p><p>Following a significant hike in oil prices, an angry Fox News host has exclaimed that the United States has every right to take the oil from Iraq and Kuwait.</p>
<p>On his Friday show, the Great American Panel, Sean Hannity, said that Iraq and Kuwait should &#8220;pay for their own liberation&#8221; by the United States.</p>
<p>&#8220;I say why isn&#8217;t Iraq paying us back with oil, and paying every American family and their soldiers that lost loved ones or have injured soldiers &#8211; and why didn&#8217;t they pay for their own liberation?&#8221; Hannity asked.</p>
<p>He added that the United States has every right to go into Kuwait and Iraq and &#8220;take all their oil.&#8221;</p>
<p>Hannity&#8217;s controversial comments follow a recent hike in global oil prices and a continuing financial crisis in the US.</p>
<p>However, responding to Hannity&#8217;s remarks, political and military analyst Michael Burns said that the United States &#8220;may go bankrupt&#8221; even before it leaves oil-rich Iraq and Kuwait.</p>
<p>&#8220;We are occupying those countries. We are there for the long term and … we are not going anywhere. But I guarantee that we&#8217;ll go bankrupt before leaving those countries. That&#8217;s for sure,&#8221; Burns told Press TV on Tuesday.</p>
<p>In 1991, the US military drove Iraqi troops out of Kuwait after executed Iraqi dictator Saddam Hussein invaded the country and annexed it to Iraq.</p>
<p>Twelve years later, US troops invaded the Iraqi capital, Baghdad, and toppled Saddam to bring what they called &#8220;liberation&#8221; and &#8220;democracy&#8221; to the Arab nation.</p>
<p>This is while, since the US-led invasion of Iraq in 2003, more than 1,300,000 Iraqi civilians are estimated to have been killed and some 4.7 million Iraqis have been displaced.</p>
<p>The devastating war has also left 4,435 US troops dead and more than 31,827 others injured.</p>
<p>FF/TG/HRF &#8211; <a href="http://www.presstv.com/detail/160892.html" target="_blank">Press TV</a>
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		<title>The War on Iraq : Five US Presidents, Five British Prime Ministers, Thirty Years of Duplicity, and Counting&#8230;.</title>
		<link>http://www.thetotalcollapse.com/the-war-on-iraq-five-us-presidents-five-british-prime-ministers-thirty-years-of-duplicity-and-counting/</link>
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		<pubDate>Wed, 11 Aug 2010 06:19:43 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>TheTotalCollapse.com</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Middle East]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Britain]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Iran]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Iraq]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Kuwait]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Saddam Hussein]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[truth]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[US]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.thetotalcollapse.com/?p=3770</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[by Felicity Arbuthnot Global Research, August 6, 2010 &#8220;Out of the mirror they stare, Imperialism&#8217;s face And the international wrong.&#8221; (W.H. Auden, 1907-1973, writing in 1939.) Twenty years ago this August, with a green light from America, Saddam Hussein invaded Kuwait. He had walked into possibly the biggest trap in modern history, unleashing Iraq&#8217;s two decade decimation, untold suffering, illegal [...]]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p></p><p>by Felicity Arbuthnot</p>
<p><a href="http://www.globalresearch.ca/index.php?context=va&amp;aid=20510" target="_blank">Global Research</a>, August 6, 2010</p>
<blockquote dir="ltr"><p><em>&#8220;Out of the mirror they stare, Imperialism&#8217;s face And the international wrong.&#8221;</em> (W.H. Auden, 1907-1973, writing in 1939.)</p></blockquote>
<p>Twenty years ago this August, with a green light from America, Saddam Hussein invaded Kuwait. He had walked into possibly the biggest trap in modern history, unleashing Iraq&#8217;s two decade decimation, untold suffering, illegal bombings, return of diseases previously eradicated and what can also only be described as UN-sponsored infanticide.</p>
<p>The reason for the Kuwait invasion, has been air brushed out of the fact books by Britain and America, and been presented as the irrational and dangerous act of a belligerent tyrant who was a threat to his neighbours. He had, they pointed out piously, attacked, then fought an eight year war with Iran, and exactly two years to the month, after the 20th August 1988 ceasefire, invaded Kuwait, on 2nd August 1990.</p>
<p>It was, of course, not quite that simple. After the US engineered the fall of the democratic government of Mossadegh, in Iran, resultant from his nationalizing the Anglo-Iranian Oil Company (now BP) in 1953. After two years of economically ravaging sanctions, The US installed Shah Reza Pahvlavi (whose savage state police, SAVAK, were trained by General Norman Schwartzkopf, Snr., father of General &#8220;Storming&#8221; Norman Schwartzopf of the 1991 Gulf war, who famously declared at the time of the ceasefire: &#8220;&#8230; no one left to kill ..&#8221; ) Under the Shah, oil arrangements satisfactory to the United States were, of course, restored.</p>
<p>Five years later, across the border in Iraq, the British installed monarchy was overthrown and the popular leader of the anti-British uprising, Abdel Karim Kassem, began nationalizing the country&#8217;s Western assets. It took the CIA just five more years to bring about his overthrow. They picked the wrong collaborators, the nascent Ba&#8217;ath Party, with Saddam Hussein as Vice President, embarked on nationalizing the oil industry. President Nixon and National Security Advisor Henry Kissinger schemed with Iran to arm the Kurds and weaken the Iraqi government. Iraq was placed on list of supporters of terrorism.</p>
<p>Interestingly, Saddam, and the Shah quietly came to US-excluded, mutually beneficial agreement &#8211; and aid to the Kurds was cut.</p>
<p>In 1980, the year after the Shah was overthrown, to grass roots Iranian jubilation, President Jimmy Carter announced the &#8220;Carter Doctrine&#8221;, with breath taking political arrogance, granting the US the unilateral right to intervene in the Persian Gulf region to protect US oil demands. With (broadly) a US political nod and wink, Iraq invaded Iran &#8211; the US aiding both sides in a war where the million lives estimated lost equal that of Rwanda and Armenia, each which have been cited as a genocide.</p>
<p>Iraq was also perceived as a more secular buffer again fundamentalist tendencies in Iran, under Ayatollah Khomeni. (Ironically, now, Iraq is largely politically dominated by fundamentalist Iranian-backed factions, which came in with the invasion, due, seemingly, to blind ignorance of the region by the British and Americans, their useless &#8220;diplomats&#8221; and unemployable &#8220;Middle East experts.&#8221;)</p>
<p>Carter won the 2002 Nobel Peace Prize. His Carter Center blurb informs: &#8220;President Carter has been committed to peace in the Middle East since his White House days (and) advancing human rights, accountability and the rule of law&#8221;, in the region. Devotion is to : &#8220;Peace with Justice&#8221;; &#8220;Waging Peace.&#8221;</p>
<p>In 1984, President Reagan ordered the sharing of top secret intelligence with Iraq &#8211; and also with Iran. The following year, Colonel Oliver North of Iran-Contra infamy, informed Iranian authorities that the US would help Iran overthrow Saddam Hussein.<br />
Subsequently, when Iraq looked vulnerable in America&#8217;s (arguably) proxy bloodbath, US military hardware and other assistance was ratcheted up. Breathtaking duplicity being the order of the decade, General Norman Schwartzkopf, then head of CENTCOM quietly intervened by re-flagging Kuwaiti tankers (with US flags) thus if attacked, it would be deemed an attack on the United States. The US began bombing Iranian oil platforms.</p>
<p>The scales tipped for Iraq, and in August 1988 the ceasefire was signed &#8211; and the (US) Center for Strategic and International Studies immediately began a two years study on the outcome of a war between the United States and Iraq. The following year, with much of Iraq&#8217;s youth &#8220;stone dead ..&#8221;, terribly wounded or imprisoned in Iran, it&#8217;s Air Force near wiped out, and the country financially on its knees, the US renamed War Plan 1002 &#8211; dreamt up to counter a Soviet confrontation -  War Plan 1002-90, designating Iraq the new threat.</p>
<p>Iraq, needing to recoup the $billions the war had cost, now addressed the problem of Kuwait&#8217;s alleged systematic &#8220;slant drilling&#8221; under the Iraq/Kuwait border, in to Iraq&#8217;s Rumeila oil field, syphoning off, claimed Iraq, millions of $&#8217;s worth of oil. Iraq wanted &#8211; and desparately needed &#8211; reparation. Not in dispute is that over the eight years of war, Kuwait had moved its borders northwards in to Iraq by some considerable distance, by establishing encroaching settlements. Iraq wanted its territory back. Kuwait and the Gulf states were also manipulating oil prices, to hard pressed Iraq&#8217;s disadvantage, with Washington&#8217;s backing, claimed Iraq, with some justification.</p>
<p>Iraq, additionally, wanted to negotiate to lease two islands, Warbah and Bubiyan, from Kuwait, for additional access to the Gulf, which would also have reduced residual tensions with Tehran.* Tiny Kuwait, population at the time, under two million &#8211; &#8220;an oil company masquerading as a country&#8221;, as one commentator remarked unkindly &#8211; confident of mighty Washington&#8217;s backing, refused negotiation &#8211; as it had in 1975 and 1980.</p>
<p>After two years of attempts to resolve the problems with Kuwait, in late July, 1990, Saddam Hussein met with US Ambassador to Iraq, April Glaspie. With the border tensions mounting, she told him that:&#8221;I have direct instruction from the President (Bush Snr.,) to seek better relations with Iraq.&#8221; She even expressed the United States apology for a critical article on Iraq by the American Information Agency, designating resultant broadcasted comments: &#8220;..cheap and unjust.&#8221; Adding that : &#8220;President Bush &#8230; is not going to declare an economic war against Iraq.&#8221;</p>
<p>She continued: &#8220;I admire your extraordinary efforts to rebuild your country. I know you need funds. We understand that and out opinion is that you should have the opportunity to rebuild your country.&#8221; (How arrogantly, patronisingly kind.) Then: &#8220;But we have no opinion on Arab-Arab conflicts, like your border dispute with Kuwait.&#8221; Her conversation followed on from a meeting the previous April, between Glaspie and President Saddam, with five US Senators, Robert Dole, Alan Simpson, Howard Metzenbaum, James McClure and Frank Murkowski, who had travelled to Iraq, with President Bush&#8217;s blessings, ostensibly to form better relations and trade relations with Iraq and to assure that President Bush would oppose any suggestion of sanctions on Iraq.</p>
<p>President Saddam commented later to Glaspie that anyway: &#8220;There is nothing left for us to buy from America except wheat. Every time we want to buy something they say it is forbidden. I am afraid, one day, you will say &#8216;You are going to make gunpowder out of wheat.&#8217; &#8221; (1)<br />
The response to the invasion of Kuwait, was, of course, an embargo of unique severity, imposed on Hiroshima Day (6th August) 1990 (UNSCR 661.) All overseas assets were frozen, as were oil sales, thus, effectively all imports in a country which imported two thirds of absolutely everything (on advice given by the United Nations via their UN Food and Agriculture Organization.) Iraq faced famine. Infant mortality doubled in just four months, by December 1990. Advice to any country when outside consultants counsel relinquishing self-sufficieny : Don&#8217;t do it.  The day before the embargo was imposed, President H.W. Bush stated:</p>
<blockquote dir="ltr"><p>&#8220;What&#8217;s emerging is nobody seems to be showing up as willing to accept anything less than total withdrawal from Kuwait of the Iraqi forces, and no puppet regime. We&#8217;ve been down that road, and there will be no puppet regime that will be accepted by any countries that I&#8217;m familiar with. And there seems to be a united front out there that says Iraq, having committed brutal, naked aggression, ought to get out, and that this concept of their installing some puppet &#8212; leaving behind &#8212; will not be acceptable. &#8230; There is no intention on the part of any of these countries to accept a puppet government, and that signal is going out loud and clear to Iraq. I will not discuss with you what my options are or might be, but they&#8217;re wide open, I can assure you of that.&#8221;</p></blockquote>
<p>Britain&#8217;s then Prime Minister, Margaret Thatcher &#8211; whose son, Mark, was allegedly doing arms deals across the Middle East, using his mother&#8217;s status &#8211; pitched in on Hiroshima Day : &#8221; &#8230; I think it is quite different when you have a nation which has violated all rules of United Nations Charter, which has gone in with guns and tanks to take and invade another country, which would have far-reaching consequences if it were left like that for every other country in the world &#8230; &#8221; (Given America&#8217;s British-backed, bombings, invasions, imposed, useless, corrupt, foreign passport holding puppet governments, imposed since the Balkans in 1999 alone, irony is redundant.)</p>
<p>Without Congressional approval, Bush ordered forty thousand US troops to &#8220;defend Saudi Arabia&#8221;, despite no sign of any intention by Iraq to attack the Kingdom. Washington lied that Iraq&#8217;s troops were massing on Saudi&#8217;s border. They were not.</p>
<p>Entirely forgotten, is that just ten days after the invasion, Saddam Hussein, a staunch supporter of Palestinian rights, announced that Iraq would with draw from Kuwait, if Israel withdrew from Israeli occupied Palestinian territories. The United States rejected the offer, out of hand. Subsequently Iraq proposed withdrawal without the stipulation relating to Palestine. Washington rejected it as &#8220;a complete nonstarter.&#8221; For Washington, seemingly, war, war, is ever preferable to jaw, jaw. Heaven forbid peace should ever reign, the military industrial complex&#8217;s billion $s munitions bonanza would dry up and the remnants of the US economy with it. (For graphic unravelling of the unholy conspiracy in this, between media, military and politics, see: &#8220;The Global Economic Crisis &#8211; The Great Depression of the XX1 Century&#8221;, Chossudovsky and Marshall, www.globalresearch.ca/index.php?context=va&amp;aid=20425)</p>
<p>The US having refused all negotiation, then dispatched an extra three hundred and sixty thousand US troops to the Gulf at the end of November, the UN Security Council passed UNSCR 678, threatening force of Iraq did not withdraw by January 15th &#8211; Iraq having offered to withdraw, albeit with conditions on August 12th., and without conditions a short time later.</p>
<p>In Geneva, on 9th January 1991, then Secretary of State James Baker (a &#8220;diplomat&#8221; who stated: &#8220;We will reduce Iraq to a pre-industrial age&#8221;) met Iraq&#8217;s Foreign Minister, Tareq Aziz, with a letter from Bush Snr., promising the destruction of Iraq, if Kuwait was not withdrawn from by 15th January. Tareq Aziz stated he would not deliver the letter.</p>
<p>On 17th January the forty two day assault on Iraq began, as now well documented, deliberately destroying all infrastructure necessary to sustain society, including the deliberate targeting of all water purification facilities, with an exact time line of how long it would take Iraq&#8217;s complex water system &#8220;to fully degrade&#8221; issued to all NATO Command Headquarters.(2) Somewhere in Iraq&#8217;s ashes lay all the painstakingly crafted legal Treaties, Conventions and Principles, on war crimes and treatment of civilians in conflict, never to surface again, as far as the US and UK were concerned, arguably now officially signed up to &#8220;rogue state&#8221; status.</p>
<p>On 21st February, the USSR stated that Iraq had agreed to a complete withdrawal, without conditions. The United States rejected unless they had left by mid-day on 23rd. Interestingly, on the rare occasions the US and UK moot a withdrawal, the public is told, ad nauseum, that this is a complicated process which takes time and can not be achieved overnight. The US ground assault, however, almost could be. It started on 23rd February. Three days later, when the Iraqi troops did withdraw, they with civilians, were strafed mercilessly from both ends of the road to Basra, resulting in a massacre, or for  General Norman Schwartkopf, a seemingly psychologically disturbed individual : &#8220;A turkey shoot.&#8221;</p>
<p>The ceasefire was finally agreed  by America on February 28th., five months and sixteen days of decimation, after Saddam Hussein had first offered to withdraw.</p>
<p>Two days later, the US killed thousands more, heading from the south, towards Baghdad. Another war crime of enormity, for which no one has ever faced trial.</p>
<p>In the light of the near-unprecented illegality of all which has happened to Iraq, before 1991 and subsequently, the thirteen years of bombings, the famine-style deprivation, and then the illegal invasion built on lie, upon lie, it is worth returning to Margaret Thatcher, who quoted the fine words of St Francis (&#8220;Where there is discord, may we bring harmony, where there is error, may we bring truth &#8230; and where there is despair, may we bring hope&#8221;) from the steps of Downing Street, on 4th May 1979, the day she took office.</p>
<p>Further, in  Afghanistan&#8217;s invasion and ongoing massacres by the occupiers, a gate crashing daily more resembling the towering illegality of that of Iraq, here are more of the 1990 Hiroshima Day&#8217;s now laughable lauding of the values and integrity of the US and UK: &#8220;The West is dealing with a  person who, without warning, has gone into the territory of another state with tanks, aircraft and guns, has fought and taken that state against international law, against the will of that state, and has set up a puppet regime. That is the act of an aggressor which must be stopped. While a person who will take such action on one state will take it against another state if he is not stopped.&#8221;</p>
<p>&#8220;President Saddam Hussein and Iraq are aggressors. They have invaded another country, they have taken it by force—that is not the way we do things in this world. Other countries have rights, they have their right to their nationhood, they have the right to their territorial integrity. He has been rightly branded as an aggressor, contrary to international law, and it is not a question of taunting, it is a question of earning the condemnation of the world and the appropriate action which follows.&#8221; The &#8220;Iron lady&#8221; Thatcher, was as subservient to Bush Snr., as her slippery successor, Blair was to Clinton and baby Bush.</p>
<p>On the 21st August, Thatcher  opined: &#8220;I think it is as well to remind ourselves how this whole position started. It started because Saddam Hussein substituted the rule of force for the rule of law and invaded an independent country and that cannot be allowed to stand.&#8221;</p>
<p>This August, an estimated three million dead later, in Iraq, as the bell now tolls ever louder for Iran, with the near identical sleights of hand and word being played out, as were against Iraq. Farcical, were it not so sinisterly demented, Iran is (says the US and UK) hell bent on making &#8220;weapons of mass destruction&#8221;, remember them? The one&#8217;s the crazies are still searching for in Iraq? The ones Iraq accounted for not having in 11,800 pages, delivered to the UN in December 2002 and stolen by the US mission to the UN?</p>
<p>The substitution of &#8220;the rule of force for the rule of law&#8221;, seemingly imminent, are there governments, statesmen and women, world bodies and institutions, unions; is there enough people power to halt the juggernaut on the Armageddon highway?</p>
<p>With the United Nations, as ever, either complicit, or asleep at the wheel, can &#8220;We the people&#8221; finally &#8220;.. save succeeding generations from the scourge of war&#8221;, and the equivalent unimaginable horrors of the equivalent of multiple Hiroshimas and Nagasakis.</p>
<p><strong> </strong></p>
<p><strong>References</strong></p>
<p>Geoff Simons details these complexities with clarity : &#8220;From Sumer to Saddam.&#8221; : <a href="http://www.amazon.com/Iraq-Sumer-Saddam-Geoff-Simons/dp/1403917701">http://www.amazon.com/Iraq-Sumer-Saddam-Geoff-Simons/dp/1403917701</a></p>
<p>As does : &#8220;The Fire this Time&#8221;, Ramsey Clark, with eagle-eyed witness account, background : <a href="http://www.amazon.com/Fire-This-Time-U-S-Crimes/dp/1560250712">http://www.amazon.com/Fire-This-Time-U-S-Crimes/dp/1560250712</a><br />
Both with invaluable time-lines.</p>
<p>1. Simons p 314-316.</p>
<p>2.<a href="http://www.commondreams.org/headlines/091700-01.htm">http://www.commondreams.org/headlines/091700-01.htm</a>
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		<title>2010: U.S. To Wage War Throughout The World</title>
		<link>http://www.thetotalcollapse.com/2010-u-s-to-wage-war-throughout-the-world/</link>
		<comments>http://www.thetotalcollapse.com/2010-u-s-to-wage-war-throughout-the-world/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Mon, 04 Jan 2010 11:36:44 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>TheTotalCollapse.com</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[War]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[2010]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[9/11]]></category>
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		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.thetotalcollapse.com/?p=1597</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[by Rick Rozoff January 1 will usher in the last year of the first decade of a new millennium and ten consecutive years of the United States conducting war in the Greater Middle East. Beginning with the October 7, 2001 missile and bomb attacks on Afghanistan, American combat operations abroad have not ceased for a [...]]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p></p><p>by Rick Rozoff</p>
<p>January 1 will usher in the last year of the first decade of a new millennium and ten consecutive years of the United States conducting war in the Greater Middle East.</p>
<p>Beginning with the October 7, 2001 missile and bomb attacks on Afghanistan, American combat operations abroad have not ceased for a year, a month, a week or a day in the 21st century.</p>
<p>The Afghan war, the U.S.&#8217;s first air and ground conflict in Asia since the disastrous wars in Vietnam and Cambodia in the 1960s and early 1970s and the North Atlantic Treaty Organization&#8217;s first land war and Asian campaign, began during the end of the 2001 war in Macedonia launched from NATO-occupied Kosovo, one in which the role of U.S. military personnel is still to be properly exposed [1] and addressed and which led to the displacement of almost 10 percent of the nation&#8217;s population.</p>
<p>In the first case Washington invaded a nation in the name of combating terrorism; in the second it abetted cross-border terrorism. Similarly, in 1991 the U.S. and its Western allies attacked Iraqi forces in Kuwait and launched devastating and deadly cruise missile attacks and bombing sorties inside Iraq in the name of preserving the national sovereignty and territorial integrity of Kuwait, and in 1999 waged a 78-day bombing assault against Yugoslavia to override and fatally undermine the principles of territorial integrity and national sovereignty in the name of the casus belli of the day, so-called humanitarian intervention.</p>
<p>Two years later humanitarian war, as abhorrent an oxymoron as the world has ever witnessed, gave way to the global war on terror(ism), with the U.S. and its NATO allies again reversing course but continuing to wage wars of aggression and &#8220;wars of opportunity&#8221; as they saw fit, contradictions and logic, precedents and international law notwithstanding.</p>
<p>Several never fully acknowledged counterinsurgency campaigns, some ongoing &#8211; Colombia &#8211; and some new &#8211; Yemen &#8211; later, the U.S. invaded Iraq in March of 2003 with a &#8220;coalition of the willing&#8221; comprised mainly of Eastern European NATO candidate nations (now almost all full members of the world&#8217;s only military bloc as a result of their service).</p>
<p>The Pentagon has also deployed special forces and other troops to the Philippines and launched naval, helicopter and missile attacks inside Somalia as well as assisting the Ethiopian invasion of that nation in 2006. Washington also arms, trains and supports the armed forces of Djibouti in their border war with Eritrea. In fact Djibouti hosts the U.S.&#8217;s only permanent military installation in Africa to date [2], Camp Lemonier, a United States Naval Expeditionary Base and home to the Combined Joint Task Force &#8211; Horn of Africa (CJTF-HOA), placed under the new U.S. Africa Command (AFRICOM) when it was launched on October 1, 2008. The area of responsibility of the Combined Joint Task Force &#8211; Horn of Africa takes in the nations of Djibouti, Ethiopia, Eritrea, Kenya, Seychelles, Somalia, Sudan, Tanzania, Uganda and Yemen and as &#8220;areas of interest&#8221; the Comoros, Mauritius and Madagascar.</p>
<p>That is, much of the western shores of the Arabian Sea and the Indian Ocean, among the most geostrategically important parts of the world. [3]</p>
<p>U.S. troops, aerial drones, warships, planes and helicopters are active throughout that vast tract of land and water.</p>
<p>With senator and once almost vice president Joseph Lieberman&#8217;s threat on December 27 that &#8220;Yemen will be tomorrow&#8217;s war&#8221; [4] and former Southern Command chief and NATO Supreme Allied Commander Europe Wesley Clark&#8217;s two days later that &#8220;Maybe we need to put some boots on the ground there,&#8221; [5] it is evident that America&#8217;s new war for the new year has already been identified. In fact in mid-December U.S. warplanes participated in the bombing of a village in northern Yemen that cost the lives of 120 civilians as well as wounding 44 more [6] and a week later &#8220;A US fighter jet&#8230;carried out multiple airstrikes on the home of a senior official in Yemen&#8217;s northern rugged province of Sa&#8217;ada&#8230;.&#8221; [7]</p>
<p>The pretext for undertaking a war in Yemen in earnest is currently the serio-comic &#8220;attempted terrorist attack” by a young Nigerian national on a passenger airliner outside of Detroit on Christmas Day. The deadly U.S. bombing of the Yemeni village mentioned above occurred ten days earlier and moreover was in the north of the nation, although Washington claims al-Qaeda cells are operating in the other end of the country. [8]</p>
<p>Asia, Africa and the Middle East are not the only battlegrounds where the Pentagon is active. On October 30 of 2009 the U.S. signed an agreement with the government of Colombia to acquire the essentially unlimited and unrestricted use of seven new military bases in the South American nation, including sites within immediate striking distance of both Venezuela and Ecuador. [9] American intelligence, special forces and other personnel will be complicit in ongoing counterinsurgency operations against the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (FARC) in the nation&#8217;s south as well as in rendering assistance to Washington&#8217;s Colombian proxy for attacks inside Ecuador and Venezuela that will be portrayed as aimed at FARC forces in the two states.</p>
<p>Targeting two linchpins of and ultimately the entire Bolivarian Alliance for the Peoples of Our America (ALBA), Washington is laying the groundwork for a potential military conflagration in South and Central America and the Caribbean. After the U.S.-supported coup in Honduras on June 28, that nation has announced it will be the first ALBA member state to ever withdraw from the Alliance and the Pentagon will retain, perhaps expand, its military presence at the Soto Cano Air Base there.</p>
<p>A few days ago &#8220;The Colombian government&#8230;announced it is building a new military base on its border with Venezuela and has activated six new airborne battalions&#8221; [10] and shortly afterward Dutch member of parliament Harry van Bommel &#8220;claimed that US spy planes are using an airbase on the Netherlands Antilles island of Curaçao&#8221; [11] off the Venezuelan coast.</p>
<p>In October a U.S. armed forces publication revealed that the Pentagon will spend $110 million to modernize and expand seven new military bases in Bulgaria and Romania, across the Black Sea from Russia, where it will station initial contingents of over 4,000 troops. [12]</p>
<p>In early December the U.S. signed a Status of Forces Agreement (SOFA) with Poland, which borders the Russian Kaliningrad territory, that &#8220;allows for the United States military to station American troops and military equipment on Polish territory.&#8221; [13] The U.S. military forces will operate Patriot Advanced Capability-3 (PAC-3) and Standard Missile 3 (SM-3) batteries as part of the Pentagon&#8217;s global interceptor missile system.</p>
<p>At approximately the same time President Obama pressured Turkish Prime Minister Recep Tayyip Erdogan to base missile shield components in his country. &#8220;We discussed the continuing role that we can play as NATO allies in strengthening Turkey&#8217;s profile within NATO and coordinating more effectively on critical issues like missile defense,&#8221; [14] in the American leader&#8217;s words.</p>
<p>&#8220;Foreign Minister Ahmet Davutoglu has hinted his government does not view Tehran [Iran] as a potential missile threat for Turkey at this point. But analysts say if a joint NATO missile shield is developed, such a move could force Ankara to join the mechanism.&#8221; [15]</p>
<p>2010 will see the first foreign troops deployed to Poland since the breakup of the Warsaw Pact in 1991 and the installation of the U.S&#8217;s &#8220;stronger, swifter and smarter&#8221; (also Obama&#8217;s words) interceptor missiles and radar facilities in Eastern Europe, the Middle East and the South Caucasus. [16]</p>
<p>U.S. troop strength in Afghanistan, site of the longest and most wide-scale war in the world, will top 100,000 early in 2010 and with another 50,000 plus troops from other NATO nations and assorted &#8220;vassals and tributaries&#8221; (Zbigniew Brzezinski) will represent the largest military deployment in any war zone in the world.</p>
<p>American and NATO drone missile and helicopter gunship attacks in Pakistan will also increase, as will U.S. counterinsurgency operations in the Philippines and Somalia along with those in Yemen where CIA and Army special forces are already involved.</p>
<p>U.S. military websites recently announced that there have been 3.3 million deployments to Afghanistan and Iraq since 2001 with 2 million U.S. service members sent to the two war zones. [17]</p>
<p>In this still young millennium American soldiers have also deployed in the hundreds of thousands to new bases and conflict and post-conflict zones in Albania, Bosnia, Bulgaria, Colombia, Djibouti, Georgia, Israel, Jordan, Kosovo, Kuwait, Kyrgyzstan, Macedonia, Mali, the Philippines, Romania, Uganda and Uzbekistan.</p>
<p>In 2010 they will be sent abroad in even larger numbers to man airbases and missile sites, supervise and participate in counterinsurgency operations throughout the world against disparate rebel groups, many of them secular, and wage combat operations in South Asia and elsewhere. They will be stationed on warships and submarines equipped with cruise and long-range nuclear missiles and with aircraft carrier strike groups prowling the world&#8217;s seas and oceans.</p>
<p>They will construct and expand bases from Europe to Central and South Asia, Africa to South America, the Middle East to Oceania. With the exception of Guam and Vicenza in Italy, where the Pentagon is massively expanding existing installations, all the facilities in question are in nations and even regions of the world where the U.S. military has never before ensconced itself. Practically all the new encampments will be forward bases used for operations &#8220;down range,&#8221; generally to the east and south of NATO-dominated Europe.</p>
<p>U.S. military personnel will be assigned to the new Global Strike Command and for expanded patrols and war games in the Arctic Circle. They will serve under the Missile Defense Agency to consolidate a worldwide interceptor missile network that will facilitate a nuclear first strike capability and will extend that system into space, the final frontier in the drive to achieve military full spectrum dominance.</p>
<p>American troops will continue to fan out to most all parts of the world. Everywhere, that is, except to their own nation&#8217;s borders.
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		<title>Iraq to Deal Oil in Euros</title>
		<link>http://www.thetotalcollapse.com/iraq-to-deal-oil-in-euros/</link>
		<comments>http://www.thetotalcollapse.com/iraq-to-deal-oil-in-euros/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Fri, 23 Oct 2009 17:55:01 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>TheTotalCollapse.com</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Middle East]]></category>
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		<category><![CDATA[UN Security Council]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.thetotalcollapse.com/?p=1103</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[October 09,2009 &#8220;AlterNet&#8221; &#8212; You may remember that among the million and one reasons why we may have &#8220;really&#8221; gone into Iraq was this one, embraced mostly by alleged conspiracy theorists and silly leftists who thought that the invasion might have something to do with oil and the dollar:   UNITED NATIONS (Reuters) &#8212; A [...]]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p></p><p>October 09,2009 &#8220;<a href="http://www.alternet.org/blogs/peek/143180/war,_what_is_it_good_for_iraq_to_deal_oil_in_euros/"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><strong>AlterNet</strong></span></a><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><strong>&#8221; &#8212; You</strong> may remember that among the million and one reasons why we may have &#8220;really&#8221; gone into Iraq was <a href="http://archives.cnn.com/2000/WORLD/meast/10/30/iraq.un.euro.reut/">this one</a>, embraced mostly by alleged <a href="http://www.lewrockwell.com/paul/paul303.html">conspiracy theorists</a> and <a href="http://www.thirdworldtraveler.com/Iraq/Iraq_dollar_vs_euro.html">silly leftists</a> who thought that the invasion might have something to do with oil and the dollar:  </span></p>
<blockquote><p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">UNITED NATIONS (Reuters) &#8212; A U.N. panel on Monday approved Iraq&#8217;s plan to receive oil-export payments in Europe&#8217;s single currency after Baghdad decided to move the start date back a week.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">Members of the Security Council&#8217;s Iraqi sanctions committee said the panel&#8217;s chairman, Dutch Ambassador Peter van Walsum, would inform U.N. officials on Tuesday of the decision to allow Iraq to receive payments in euros, rather than dollars.</span></p></blockquote>
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">Today, there is a lot of chatter about <a href="http://www.alternet.org/world/143119/secret_plan_to_ditch_the_u.s._dollar's_dominance_uncovered?comments=view&amp;cID=1339038&amp;pID=1338895#c1339038">this</a>:</span></p>
<blockquote><p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">In the most profound financial change in recent Middle East history, Gulf Arabs are planning – along with China, Russia, Japan and France – to end dollar dealings for oil, moving instead to a basket of currencies including the Japanese yen and Chinese yuan, the euro, gold and a new, unified currency planned for nations in the Gulf Co-operation Council, including Saudi Arabia, Abu Dhabi, Kuwait and Qatar.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">Secret meetings have already been held by finance ministers and central bank governors in Russia, China, Japan and Brazil to work on the scheme, which will mean that oil will no longer be priced in dollars.</span></p></blockquote>
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">Nobody knows for sure that this is happening, but if it is, it&#8217;s a profound change, and one that may have simply been put off by our little six year adventure in the middle east.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><a href="http://crooksandliars.com/ian-welsh/what-dollar-going-oil-means">Ian Welsh unpacks</a> what this would mean for all of us over at <em>C&amp;L</em>. Shorter Ian: for a lot of reasons, &#8220;it will hurt.&#8221;</span>
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		<title>An Imperial Strategy for a New World Order: The Origins of World War III</title>
		<link>http://www.thetotalcollapse.com/an-imperial-strategy-for-a-new-world-order-the-origins-of-world-war-iii/</link>
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		<pubDate>Sun, 18 Oct 2009 10:09:37 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>TheTotalCollapse.com</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[War]]></category>
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		<description><![CDATA[Part 1 by Andrew Gavin Marshall Introduction   In the face of total global economic collapse, the prospects of a massive international war are increasing. Historically, periods of imperial decline and economic crisis are marked by increased international violence and war. The decline of the great European empires was marked by World War I and [...]]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p></p><div>Part 1</div>
<div>by Andrew Gavin Marshall</div>
<div>
<p align="justify"><strong>Introduction</strong></p>
<p align="justify"> </p>
<p align="justify">In the face of total global economic collapse, the prospects of a massive international war are increasing. Historically, periods of imperial decline and economic crisis are marked by increased international violence and war. The decline of the great European empires was marked by World War I and World War II, with the Great Depression taking place in the intermediary period.</p>
<p align="justify">Currently, the world is witnessing the decline of the American empire, itself a product born out of World War II. As the post-war imperial hegemon, America ran the international monetary system and reigned as champion and arbitrator of the global political economy.</p>
<p align="justify">To manage the global political economy, the US has created the single largest and most powerful military force in world history. Constant control over the global economy requires constant military presence and action.</p>
<p align="justify">Now that both the American empire and global political economy are in decline and collapse, the prospect of a violent end to the American imperial age is drastically increasing.</p>
<p align="justify">This essay is broken into three separate parts. The first part covers US-NATO geopolitical strategy since the end of the Cold War, at the beginning of the New World Order, outlining the western imperial strategy that led to the war in Yugoslavia and the “War on Terror.” Part 2 analyzes the nature of “soft revolutions” or “colour revolutions” in US imperial strategy, focusing on establishing hegemony over Eastern Europe and Central Asia. Part 3 analyzes the nature of the imperial strategy to construct a New World Order, focusing on the increasing conflicts in Afghanistan, Pakistan, Iran, Latin America, Eastern Europe and Africa; and the potential these conflicts have for starting a new world war with China and Russia.</p>
<p align="justify"> </p>
<p align="justify"><strong>Defining a New Imperial Strategy</strong></p>
<p align="justify">In 1991, with the collapse of the Soviet Union, US-NATO foreign policy had to re-imagine its role in the world. The Cold War served as a means of justifying US imperialist expansion across the globe with the aim of “containing” the Soviet threat. NATO itself was created and existed for the sole purpose of forging an anti-Soviet alliance. With the USSR gone, NATO had no reason to exist, and the US had to find a new purpose for its imperialist strategy in the world.</p>
<p align="justify"> </p>
<p align="justify">In 1992, the US Defense Department, under the leadership of Secretary of Defense Dick Cheney [later to be George Bush Jr.’s VP], had the Pentagon’s Under Secretary of Defense for Policy, Paul Wolfowitz [later to be George Bush Jr.’s Deputy Secretary of Defense and President of the World Bank], write up a defense document to guide American foreign policy in the post-Cold War era, commonly referred to as the “New World Order.”</p>
<p align="justify"> </p>
<p align="justify">The Defense Planning Guidance document was leaked in 1992, and revealed that, “In a broad new policy statement that is in its final drafting phase, the Defense Department asserts that America’s political and military mission in the post-cold-war era will be to ensure that no rival superpower is allowed to emerge in Western Europe, Asia or the territories of the former Soviet Union,” and that, “The classified document makes the case for a world dominated by one superpower whose position can be perpetuated by constructive behavior and sufficient military might to deter any nation or group of nations from challenging American primacy.”</p>
<p align="justify"> </p>
<p align="justify">Further, “the new draft sketches a world in which there is one dominant military power whose leaders ‘must maintain the mechanisms for deterring potential competitors from even aspiring to a larger regional or global role’.” Among the necessary challenges to American supremacy, the document “postulated regional wars against Iraq and North Korea,” and identified China and Russia as its major threats. It further “suggests that the United States could also consider extending to Eastern and Central European nations security commitments similar to those extended to Saudi Arabia, Kuwait and other Arab states along the Persian Gulf.”[1]</p>
<p align="justify"> </p>
<p align="justify"><strong>NATO and Yugoslavia</strong></p>
<p align="justify"> </p>
<p align="justify">The wars in Yugoslavia throughout the 1990s served as a justification for the continued existence of NATO in the world, and to expand American imperial interests in Eastern Europe.</p>
<p align="justify"> </p>
<p align="justify">The World Bank and IMF set the stage for the destabilization of Yugoslavia. After long-time dictator of Yugoslavia, Josip Tito, died in 1980, a leadership crisis developed. In 1982, American foreign policy officials organized a set of IMF and World Bank loans, under the newly created Structural Adjustment Programs (SAPs), to handle the crisis of the $20 billion US debt. The effect of the loans, under the SAP, was that they “wreaked economic and political havoc… The economic crisis threatened political stability … it also threatened to aggravate simmering ethnic tensions.”[2]</p>
<p align="justify"> </p>
<p align="justify">In 1989, Slobodan Milosevic became President of Serbia, the largest and most powerful of all the Yugoslav republics. Also in 1989, Yugoslavia’s Premier traveled to the US to meet President George H.W. Bush in order to negotiate another financial aid package. In 1990, the World Bank/IMF program began, and the Yugoslav state’s expenditures went towards debt repayment.  As a result, social programs were dismantled, the currency devalued, wages frozen, and prices rose.  The “reforms fueled secessionist tendencies that fed on economic factors as well as ethnic divisions, virtually ensuring the de facto secession of the republic,” leading to Croatia and Slovenia’s succession in 1991.[3]</p>
<p align="justify"> </p>
<p align="justify">In 1990, US the intelligence community released a National Intelligence Estimate (NIE), predicting that Yugoslavia would break apart, erupt in civil war, and the report then placed blame on Serbian President Milosevic for the coming destabilization.[4]</p>
<p align="justify"> </p>
<p align="justify">In 1991, conflict broke out between Yugoslavia and Croatia, when it, too, declared independence. A ceasefire was reached in 1992. Yet, the Croats continued small military offensives until 1995, as well as participating in the war in Bosnia. In 1995, Operation Storm was undertaken by Croatia to try to retake the Krajina region. A Croatian general was recently put on trial at The Hague for war crimes during this battle, which was key to driving the Serbs out of Croatia and “cemented Croatian independence.” The US supported the operation and the CIA actively provided intelligence to Croat forces, leading to the displacement of between 150,000 and 200,000 Serbs, largely through means of murder, plundering, burning villages and ethnic cleansing.[5] The Croatian Army was trained by US advisers, and the general on trial was even personally supported by the CIA.[6]</p>
<p align="justify"> </p>
<p align="justify">The Clinton administration gave the “green light” to Iran to arm the Bosnian Muslims and “from 1992 to January 1996, there was an influx of Iranian weapons and advisers into Bosnia.” Further, “Iran, and other Muslim states, helped to bring Mujihadeen fighters into Bosnia to fight with the Muslims against the Serbs, ‘holy warriors’ from Afghanistan, Chechnya, Yemen and Algeria, some of whom had suspected links with Osama bin Laden’s training camps in Afghanistan.”</p>
<p align="justify"> </p>
<p align="justify">It was “Western intervention in the Balkans [that] exacerbated tensions and helped to sustain hostilities. By recognising the claims of separatist republics and groups in 1990/1991, Western elites – the American, British, French and German – undermined government structures in Yugoslavia, increased insecurities, inflamed conflict and heightened ethnic tensions. And by offering logistical support to various sides during the war, Western intervention sustained the conflict into the mid-1990s. Clinton’s choice of the Bosnian Muslims as a cause to champion on the international stage, and his administration’s demands that the UN arms embargo be lifted so that the Muslims and Croats could be armed against the Serbs, should be viewed in this light.”[7]</p>
<p align="justify"> </p>
<p align="justify">During the war in Bosnia, there “was a vast secret conduit of weapons smuggling though Croatia. This was arranged by the clandestine agencies of the US, Turkey and Iran, together with a range of radical Islamist groups, including Afghan mojahedin and the pro-Iranian Hizbullah.” Further, “the secret services of Ukraine, Greece and Israel were busy arming the Bosnian Serbs.”[8] Germany’s intelligence agency, the BND, also ran arms shipments to the Bosnian Muslims and Croatia to fight against the Serbs.[9]</p>
<p align="justify"> </p>
<p align="justify">The US had influenced the war in the region in a variety of ways. As the Observer reported in 1995, a major facet of their involvement was through “Military Professional Resources Inc (MPRI), a Virginia-based American private company of retired generals and intelligence officers. The American embassy in Zagreb admits that MPRI is training the Croats, on licence from the US government.” Further, The Dutch “were convinced that US special forces were involved in training the Bosnian army and the Bosnian Croat Army (HVO).”[10]</p>
<p align="justify"> </p>
<p align="justify">As far back as 1988, the leader of Croatia met with the German Chancellor Helmut Kohl to create “a joint policy to break up Yugoslavia,” and bring Slovenia and Croatia into the “German economic zone.” So, US Army officers were dispatched to Croatia, Bosnia, Albania, and Macedonia as “advisers” and brought in US Special Forces to help.[11] During the nine-month cease-fire in the war in Bosnia-Herzegovina, six US generals met with Bosnian army leaders to plan the Bosnian offensive that broke the cease-fire.[12]</p>
<p align="justify"> </p>
<p align="justify">In 1996, the Albanian Mafia, in collaboration with the Kosovo Liberation Army (KLA), a militant guerilla organization, took control over the enormous Balkan heroin trafficking routes. The KLA was linked to former Afghan Mujaheddin fighters in Afghanistan, including Osama bin Laden.[13]</p>
<p align="justify"> </p>
<p align="justify">In 1997, the KLA began fighting against Serbian forces,[14] and in 1998, the US State Department removed the KLA from its list of terrorist organizations.[15] Before and after 1998, the KLA was receiving arms, training and support from the US and NATO, and Clinton’s Secretary of State, Madeline Albright, had a close political relationship with KLA leader Hashim Thaci.[16]</p>
<p align="justify"> </p>
<p align="justify">Both the CIA and German intelligence, the BND, supported the KLA terrorists in Yugoslavia prior to and after the 1999 NATO bombing of Yugoslavia. The BND had KLA contacts since the early 1990s, the same period that the KLA was establishing its Al-Qaeda contacts.[17] KLA members were trained by Osama bin Laden at training camps in Afghanistan. Even the UN stated that much of the violence that occurred came from KLA members, “especially those allied with Hashim Thaci.”[18]</p>
<p align="justify"> </p>
<p align="justify">The March 1999 NATO bombing of Kosovo was justified on the pretense of putting an end to Serbian oppression of Kosovo Albanians, which was termed genocide. The Clinton Administration made claims that at least 100,000 Kosovo Albanians were missing and “may have been killed” by the Serbs. Bill Clinton personally compared events in Kosovo to the Holocaust. The US State Department had stated that up to 500,000 Albanians were feared dead. Eventually, the official estimate was reduced to 10,000, however, after exhaustive investigations, it was revealed that the death of less than 2,500 Albanians could be attributed to the Serbs. During the NATO bombing campaign, between 400 and 1,500 Serb civilians were killed, and NATO committed war crimes, including the bombing of a Serb TV station and a hospital.[19]</p>
<p align="justify"> </p>
<p align="justify">In 2000, the US State Department, in cooperation with the American Enterprise Institute, AEI, held a conference on Euro-Atlantic integration in Slovakia. Among the participants were many heads of state, foreign affairs officials and ambassadors of various European states as well as UN and NATO officials.[20] A letter of correspondence between a German politician present at the meeting and the German Chancellor, revealed the true nature of NATO’s campaign in Kosovo. The conference demanded a speedy declaration of independence for Kosovo, and that the war in Yugoslavia was waged in order to enlarge NATO, Serbia was to be excluded permanently from European development to justify a US military presence in the region, and expansion was ultimately designed to contain Russia.[21]</p>
<p align="justify"> </p>
<p align="justify">Of great significance was that, “the war created a raison d’être for the continued existence of NATO in a post-Cold War world, as it desperately tried to justify its continued existence and desire for expansion.” Further, “The Russians had assumed NATO would dissolve at the end of the Cold War. Instead, not only has NATO expanded, it went to war over an internal dispute in a Slavic Eastern European country.” This was viewed as a great threat. Thus, “much of the tense relations between the United States and Russia over the past decade can be traced to the 1999 war on Yugoslavia.”[22]</p>
<p align="justify"> </p>
<p align="justify"><strong>The War on Terror and the Project for the New American Century (PNAC)</strong></p>
<p align="justify"> </p>
<p align="justify">When Bill Clinton became President, the neo-conservative hawks from the George H.W. Bush administration formed a think tank called the Project for the New American Century, or PNAC. In 2000, they published a report called, Rebuilding America’s Defenses: Strategy, Forces, and Resources for a New Century. Building upon the Defense Policy Guidance document, they state that, “the United States must retain sufficient forces able to rapidly deploy and win multiple simultaneous large-scale wars.”[23] Further, there is “need to retain sufficient combat forces to fight and win, multiple, nearly simultaneous major theatre wars,”[24] and that “the Pentagon needs to begin to calculate the force necessary to protect, independently, US interests in Europe, East Asia and the Gulf at all times.”[25]</p>
<p align="justify"> </p>
<p align="justify">Interestingly, the document stated that, “the United States has for decades sought to play a more permanent role in Gulf regional security. While the unresolved conflict with Iraq provides the immediate justification, the need for a substantial American force presence in the Gulf transcends the issue of the regime of Saddam Hussein.”[26] However, in advocating for massive increases in defense spending and expanding the American empire across the globe, including the forceful destruction of multiple countries through major theatre wars, the report stated that, “Further, the process of transformation, even if it brings revolutionary change, is likely to be a long one, absent some catastrophic and catalyzing event – like a new Pearl Harbor.”[27] That event came one year later with the events of 9/11. Many of the authors of the report and members of the Project for the New American Century had become officials in the Bush administration, and were conveniently in place to enact their “Project” after they got their “new Pearl Harbor.”</p>
<p align="justify"> </p>
<p align="justify">The plans for war were “already under development by far right Think Tanks in the 1990s, organisations in which cold-war warriors from the inner circle of the secret services, from evangelical churches, from weapons corporations and oil companies forged shocking plans for a new world order.” To do this, “the USA would need to use all means – diplomatic, economic and military, even wars of aggression – to have long term control of the resources of the planet and the ability to keep any possible rival weak.”</p>
<p align="justify"> </p>
<p align="justify">Among the people involved in PNAC and the plans for empire, “Dick Cheney – Vice President, Lewis Libby – Cheney’s Chief of Staff, Donald Rumsfeld – Defence Minister, Paul Wolfowitz – Rumsfeld’s deputy, Peter Rodman – in charge of ‘Matters of Global Security’, John Bolton – State Secretary for Arms Control, Richard Armitage – Deputy Foreign Minister, Richard Perle – former Deputy Defence Minister under Reagan, now head of the Defense Policy Board, William Kristol – head of the PNAC and adviser to Bush, known as the brains of the President, Zalmay Khalilzad,” who became Ambassador to both Afghanistan and Iraq following the regime changes in those countries.[28]</p>
<p align="justify"> </p>
<p align="justify"><strong>Brzezinski’s “Grand Chessboard”</strong></p>
<p align="justify"> </p>
<p align="justify">Arch-hawk strategist, Zbigniew Brzezinski, co-founder of the Trilateral Commission with David Rockefeller, former National Security Adviser and key foreign policy architect in Jimmy Carter’s administration, also wrote a book on American geostrategy. Brzezinski is also a member of the Council on Foreign Relations and the Bilderberg Group, and has also been a board member of Amnesty International, the Atlantic Council and the National Endowment for Democracy. Currently, he is a trustee and counselor at the Center for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS), a major US policy think tank.</p>
<p align="justify"> </p>
<p align="justify">In his 1997 book, The Grand Chessboard, Brzezinski outlined a strategy for America in the world. He wrote, “For America, the chief geopolitical prize is Eurasia. For half a millennium, world affairs were dominated by Eurasian powers and peoples who fought with one another for regional domination and reached out for global power.” Further, “how America ‘manages’ Eurasia is critical. Eurasia is the globe’s largest continent and is geopolitically axial. A power that dominates Eurasia would control two of the world’s three most advanced and economically productive regions. A mere glance at the map also suggests that control over Eurasia would almost automatically entail African subordination.”[29]</p>
<p align="justify"> </p>
<p align="justify">He continued in outlining a strategy for American empire, stating that, “it is imperative that no Eurasian challenger emerges, capable of dominating Eurasia and thus of also challenging America. The formulation of a comprehensive and integrated Eurasian geostrategy is therefore the purpose of this book.”[30] He explained that, “Two basic steps are thus required: first, to identify the geostrategically dynamic Eurasian states that have the power to cause a potentially important shift in the international distribution of power and to decipher the central external goals of their respective political elites and the likely consequences of their seeking to attain them: [and] second, to formulate specific U.S. policies to offset, co-opt, and/or control the above.”[31]</p>
<p align="justify"> </p>
<p align="justify">What this means is that is it of primary importance to first identify states that could potentially be a pivot upon which the balance of power in the region exits the US sphere of influence; and secondly, to “offset, co-opt, and/or control” such states and circumstances. An example of this would be Iran; being one of the world’s largest oil producers, and in a strategically significant position in the axis of Europe, Asia and the Middle East. Iran could hold the potential to alter the balance of power in Eurasia if it were to closely ally itself with Russia or China, or both – giving those nations a heavy supply of oil as well as a sphere of influence in the Gulf, thus challenging American hegemony in the region.</p>
<p align="justify"> </p>
<p align="justify">Brzezinski removed all subtlety from his imperial leanings, and wrote, “To put it in a terminology that harkens back to the more brutal age of ancient empires, the three grand imperatives of imperial geostrategy are to prevent collusion and maintain security dependence among the vassals, to keep tributaries pliant and protected, and to keep the barbarians from coming together.”[32]</p>
<p align="justify"> </p>
<p align="justify">Brzezinski referred to the Central Asian republics as the “Eurasian Balkans,” writing that, “Moreover, they [the Central Asian Republics] are of importance from the standpoint of security and historical ambitions to at least three of their most immediate and more powerful neighbors, namely Russia, Turkey and Iran, with China also signaling an increasing political interest in the region. But the Eurasian Balkans are infinitely more important as a potential economic prize: an enormous concentration of natural gas and oil reserves is located in the region, in addition to important minerals, including gold.”[33] He further wrote that, “It follows that America’s primary interest is to help ensure that no single power comes to control this geopolitical space and that the global community has unhindered financial and economic access to it.”[34] This is a clear example of America’s role as an engine of empire; with foreign imperial policy designed to maintain US strategic positions, but primarily and “infinitely more important,” is to secure an “economic prize” for “the global community.” In other words, the United States is an imperial hegemon working for international financial interests.</p>
<p align="justify"> </p>
<p align="justify">Brzezinski also warned that, “the United States may have to determine how to cope with regional coalitions that seek to push America out of Eurasia, thereby threatening America’s status as a global power,”[35] and he, “puts a premium on maneuver and manipulation in order to prevent the emergence of a hostile coalition that could eventually seek to challenge America’s primacy.” Thus, “The most immediate task is to make certain that no state or combination of states gains the capacity to expel the United States from Eurasia or even to diminish significantly its decisive arbitration role.”[36]</p>
<p align="justify"> </p>
<p align="justify"><strong>The War on Terror and Surplus Imperialism</strong></p>
<p align="justify"> </p>
<p align="justify">In 2000, the Pentagon released a document called Joint Vision 2020, which outlined a project to achieve what they termed, “Full Spectrum Dominance,” as the blueprint for the Department of Defense in the future. “Full-spectrum dominance means the ability of U.S. forces, operating alone or with allies, to defeat any adversary and control any situation across the range of military operations.” The report “addresses full-spectrum dominance across the range of conflicts from nuclear war to major theater wars to smaller-scale contingencies. It also addresses amorphous situations like peacekeeping and noncombat humanitarian relief.” Further, “The development of a global information grid will provide the environment for decision superiority.”[37]</p>
<p align="justify"> </p>
<p align="justify">As political economist, Ellen Wood, explained, “Boundless domination of a global economy, and of the multiple states that administer it, requires military action without end, in purpose or time.”[38] Further, “Imperial dominance in a global capitalist economy requires a delicate and contradictory balance between suppressing competition and maintaining conditions in competing economies that generate markets and profit. This is one of the most fundamental contradictions of the new world order.”[39]</p>
<p align="justify"> </p>
<p align="justify">Following 9/11, the “Bush doctrine” was put in place, which called for “a unilateral and exclusive right to preemptive attack, any time, anywhere, unfettered by any international agreements, to ensure that ‘[o]ur forces will be strong enough to dissuade potential adversaries from pursuing a military build-up in hope of surpassing, or equaling, the power of the United States’.”[40]</p>
<p align="justify"> </p>
<p align="justify">NATO undertook its first ground invasion of any nation in its entire history, with the October 2001 invasion and occupation of Afghanistan. The Afghan war was in fact, planned prior to the events of 9/11, with the breakdown of major pipeline deals between major western oil companies and the Taliban. The war itself was planned over the summer of 2001 with the operational plan to go to war by mid-October.[41]</p>
<p align="justify"> </p>
<p align="justify">Afghanistan is extremely significant in geopolitical terms, as, “Transporting all the Caspian basin’s fossil fuel through Russia or Azerbaijan would greatly enhance Russia’s political and economic control over the central Asian republics, which is precisely what the west has spent 10 years trying to prevent. Piping it through Iran would enrich a regime which the US has been seeking to isolate. Sending it the long way round through China, quite aside from the strategic considerations, would be prohibitively expensive. But pipelines through Afghanistan would allow the US both to pursue its aim of ‘diversifying energy supply’ and to penetrate the world’s most lucrative markets.”[42]</p>
<p align="justify"> </p>
<p align="justify">As the San Francisco Chronicle pointed out a mere two weeks following the 9/11 attacks, “Beyond American determination to hit back against the perpetrators of the Sept. 11 attacks, beyond the likelihood of longer, drawn-out battles producing more civilian casualties in the months and years ahead, the hidden stakes in the war against terrorism can be summed up in a single word: oil.” Explaining further, “The map of terrorist sanctuaries and targets in the Middle East and Central Asia is also, to an extraordinary degree, a map of the world’s principal energy sources in the 21st century. The defense of these energy resources — rather than a simple confrontation between Islam and the West — will be the primary flash point of global conflict for decades to come.”</p>
<p align="justify"> </p>
<p align="justify">Among the many notable states where there is a crossover between terrorism and oil and gas reserves of vital importance to the United States and the West, are Saudi Arabia, Libya, Bahrain, the Gulf Emirates, Iran, Iraq, Egypt, Sudan and Algeria, Turkmenistan, Kazakhstan, Azerbaijan, Chechnya, Georgia and eastern Turkey. Importantly, “this region accounts for more than 65 percent of the world’s oil and natural gas production.” Further, “It is inevitable that the war against terrorism will be seen by many as a war on behalf of America’s Chevron, ExxonMobil and Arco; France’s TotalFinaElf; British Petroleum; Royal Dutch Shell and other multinational giants, which have hundreds of billions of dollars of investment in the region.”[43]</p>
<p align="justify"> </p>
<p align="justify">It’s no secret that the Iraq war had much to do with oil. In the summer of 2001, Dick Cheney convened an Energy Task Force, which was a highly secret set of meetings in which energy policy was determined for the United States. In the meetings and in various other means of communication, Cheney and his aides met with top officials and executives of Shell Oil, British Petroleum (BP), Exxon Mobil, Chevron, Conoco, and Chevron.[44] At the meeting, which took place before 9/11 and before there was any mention of a war on Iraq, documents of Iraqi oilfields, pipelines, refineries and terminals were presented and discussed, and “Saudi Arabian and United Arab Emirates (UAE) documents likewise feature a map of each country’s oilfields, pipelines, refineries and tanker terminals.”[45] Both Royal Dutch Shell and British Petroleum have since received major oil contracts to develop Iraqi oilfields.[46]</p>
<p align="justify"> </p>
<p align="justify">The war on Iraq, as well as the war on Afghanistan, also largely serve specifically American, and more broadly, Western imperial-strategic interests in the region. In particular, the wars were strategically designed to eliminate, threaten or contain regional powers, as well as to directly install several dozen military bases in the region, firmly establishing an imperial presence. The purpose of this is largely aimed at other major regional players and specifically, encircling Russia and China and threatening their access to the regions oil and gas reserves. Iran is now surrounded, with Iraq on one side, and Afghanistan on the other.</p>
<p align="justify"> </p>
<p align="justify"><strong>Concluding Remarks</strong></p>
<p align="justify"> </p>
<p align="justify">Part 1 of this essay outlined the US-NATO imperial strategy for entering the New World Order, following the break-up of the Soviet Union in 1991. The primary aim was focused on encircling Russia and China and preventing the rise of a new superpower. The US was to act as the imperial hegemon, serving international financial interests in imposing the New World Order. The next part to this essay examines the “colour revolutions” throughout Eastern Europe and Central Asia, continuing the US and NATO policy of containing Russia and China; while controlling access to major natural gas reserves and transportation routes. The “colour revolutions” have been a pivotal force in geopolitical imperial strategy, and analyzing them is key to understanding the New World Order.</p>
<p align="justify"> </p>
<p align="left"><strong>Endnotes</strong></p>
<p align="left"> </p>
<p align="left">[1]        Tyler, Patrick E. U.S. Strategy Plan Calls for Insuring No Rivals Develop: A One Superpower World. The New York Times: March 8, 1992. <a href="http://work.colum.edu/~amiller/wolfowitz1992.htm">http://work.colum.edu/~amiller/wolfowitz1992.htm</a></p>
<p align="left"> </p>
<p align="left">[2]        Louis Sell, Slobodan Milosevic and the Destruction of Yugoslavia. Duke University Press, 2002: Page 28</p>
<p align="left"> </p>
<p align="left">Michel Chossudovsky, Dismantling Former Yugoslavia, Recolonizing Bosnia-Herzegovina. Global Research: February 19, 2002: <a href="http://globalresearch.ca/index.php?context=va&amp;aid=370">http://globalresearch.ca/index.php?context=va&amp;aid=370</a></p>
<p align="left"> </p>
<p align="left">[3]        Michel Chossudovsky, Dismantling Former Yugoslavia, Recolonizing Bosnia-Herzegovina. Global Research: February 19, 2002: <a href="http://globalresearch.ca/index.php?context=va&amp;aid=370">http://globalresearch.ca/index.php?context=va&amp;aid=370</a></p>
<p align="left"> </p>
<p align="left">[4]        David Binder, Yugoslavia Seen Breaking Up Soon. The New York Times: November 28, 1990</p>
<p align="left"> </p>
<p align="left">[5]        Ian Traynor, Croat general on trial for war crimes. The Guardian: March 12, 2008: <a href="http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2008/mar/12/warcrimes.balkans">http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2008/mar/12/warcrimes.balkans</a></p>
<p align="left"> </p>
<p align="left">[6]        Adam LeBor, Croat general Ante Gotovina stands trial for war crimes. The Times Online: March 11, 2008: <a href="http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/europe/article3522828.ece">http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/europe/article3522828.ece</a></p>
<p align="left"> </p>
<p align="left">[7]        Brendan O’Neill, ‘You are only allowed to see Bosnia in black and white’. Spiked: January 23, 2004: <a href="http://www.spiked-online.com/Articles/0000000CA374.htm">http://www.spiked-online.com/Articles/0000000CA374.htm</a></p>
<p align="left"> </p>
<p align="left">[8]        Richard J. Aldrich, America used Islamists to arm the Bosnian Muslims. The Guardian: April 22, 2002: <a href="http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2002/apr/22/warcrimes.comment/print">http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2002/apr/22/warcrimes.comment/print</a></p>
<p align="left"> </p>
<p align="left">[9]        Tim Judah, German spies accused of arming Bosnian Muslims. The Telegraph: April 20, 1997: <a href="http://www.serbianlinks.freehosting.net/german.htm">http://www.serbianlinks.freehosting.net/german.htm</a></p>
<p align="left"> </p>
<p align="left">[10]      Charlotte Eagar, Invisible US Army defeats Serbs. The Observer: November 5, 1995: <a href="http://charlotte-eagar.com/stories/balkans110595.shtml">http://charlotte-eagar.com/stories/balkans110595.shtml</a></p>
<p align="left"> </p>
<p align="left">[11]      Gary Wilson, New reports show secret U.S. role in Balkan war. Workers World News Service: 1996: <a href="http://www.workers.org/ww/1997/bosnia.html">http://www.workers.org/ww/1997/bosnia.html</a></p>
<p align="left"> </p>
<p align="left">[12]      IAC, The CIA Role in Bosnia. International Action Center: <a href="http://www.iacenter.org/bosnia/ciarole.htm">http://www.iacenter.org/bosnia/ciarole.htm</a></p>
<p align="left"> </p>
<p align="left">[13]      History Commons, Serbia and Montenegro: 1996-1999: Albanian Mafia and KLA Take Control of Balkan Heroin Trafficking Route. The Center for Cooperative Research: <a href="http://www.historycommons.org/topic.jsp?topic=country_serbia_and_montenegro">http://www.historycommons.org/topic.jsp?topic=country_serbia_and_montenegro</a></p>
<p align="left"> </p>
<p align="left">[14]      History Commons, Serbia and Montenegro: 1997: KLA Surfaces to Resist Serbian Persecution of Albanians. The Center for Cooperative Research: <a href="http://www.historycommons.org/topic.jsp?topic=country_serbia_and_montenegro">http://www.historycommons.org/topic.jsp?topic=country_serbia_and_montenegro</a></p>
<p align="left"> </p>
<p align="left">[15]      History Commons, Serbia and Montenegro: February 1998: State Department Removes KLA from Terrorism List. The Center for Cooperative Research: <a href="http://www.historycommons.org/topic.jsp?topic=country_serbia_and_montenegro">http://www.historycommons.org/topic.jsp?topic=country_serbia_and_montenegro</a></p>
<p align="left"> </p>
<p align="left">[16]      Marcia Christoff Kurop, Al Qaeda’s Balkan Links. The Wall Street Journal: November 1, 2001: <a href="http://www.freerepublic.com/focus/fr/561291/posts">http://www.freerepublic.com/focus/fr/561291/posts</a></p>
<p align="left"> </p>
<p align="left">[17]      Global Research, German Intelligence and the CIA supported Al Qaeda sponsored Terrorists in Yugoslavia. Global Research: February 20, 2005: <a href="http://globalresearch.ca/index.php?context=va&amp;aid=431">http://globalresearch.ca/index.php?context=va&amp;aid=431</a></p>
<p align="left"> </p>
<p align="left">[18]      Michel Chossudovsky, Kosovo: The US and the EU support a Political Process linked to Organized Crime. Global Research: February 12, 2008: <a href="http://globalresearch.ca/index.php?context=va&amp;aid=8055">http://globalresearch.ca/index.php?context=va&amp;aid=8055</a></p>
<p align="left"> </p>
<p align="left">[19]      Andrew Gavin Marshall, Breaking Yugoslavia. Geopolitical Monitor: July 21, 2008: <a href="http://www.geopoliticalmonitor.com/content/backgrounders/2008-07-21/breaking-yugoslavia/">http://www.geopoliticalmonitor.com/content/backgrounders/2008-07-21/breaking-yugoslavia/</a></p>
<p align="left"> </p>
<p align="left">[20]      AEI, Is Euro-Atlantic Integration Still on Track? Participant List. American Enterprise Institute: April 28-30, 2000: <a href="http://www.aei.org/research/nai/events/pageID.440,projectID.11/default.asp">http://www.aei.org/research/nai/events/pageID.440,projectID.11/default.asp</a></p>
<p align="left"> </p>
<p align="left">[21]      Aleksandar Pavi, Correspondence between German Politicians Reveals the Hidden Agenda behind Kosovo’s “Independence”. Global Research: March 12, 2008: <a href="http://www.globalresearch.ca/index.php?context=va&amp;aid=8304">http://www.globalresearch.ca/index.php?context=va&amp;aid=8304</a></p>
<p align="left"> </p>
<p align="left">[22]      Stephen Zunes, The War on Yugoslavia, 10 Years Later. Foreign Policy in Focus: April 6, 2009: <a href="http://www.fpif.org/fpiftxt/6017">http://www.fpif.org/fpiftxt/6017</a></p>
<p align="left"> </p>
<p align="left">[23]      PNAC, Rebuilding America’s Defenses. Project for the New American Century: September 2000, page 6: <a href="http://www.newamericancentury.org/publicationsreports.htm">http://www.newamericancentury.org/publicationsreports.htm</a></p>
<p align="left"> </p>
<p align="left">[24]      Ibid. Page 8</p>
<p align="left"> </p>
<p align="left">[25]      Ibid. Page 9</p>
<p align="left"> </p>
<p align="left">[26]      Ibid. Page 14</p>
<p align="left"> </p>
<p align="left">[27]      Ibid. Page 51</p>
<p align="left"> </p>
<p align="left">[28]      Margo Kingston, A think tank war: Why old Europe says no. The Sydney Morning Herald: March 7, 2003: <a href="http://www.smh.com.au/articles/2003/03/07/1046826528748.html">http://www.smh.com.au/articles/2003/03/07/1046826528748.html</a></p>
<p align="left"> </p>
<p align="left">[29]      Brzezinski, Zbigniew. The Grand Chessboard: American Primacy and its Geostrategic Imperatives. Basic Books, 1997: Pages 30-31</p>
<p align="left"> </p>
<p align="left">[30]      Brzezinski, Zbigniew. The Grand Chessboard: American Primacy and its Geostrategic Imperatives. Basic Books, 1997: Page xiv</p>
<p align="left"> </p>
<p align="left">[31]      Brzezinski, Zbigniew. The Grand Chessboard: American Primacy and its Geostrategic Imperatives. Basic Books, 1997: Page 41</p>
<p align="left"> </p>
<p align="left">[32]      Brzezinski, Zbigniew. The Grand Chessboard: American Primacy and its Geostrategic Imperatives. Basic Books, 1997: Page 40</p>
<p align="left"> </p>
<p align="left">[33]      Brzezinski, Zbigniew. The Grand Chessboard: American Primacy and its Geostrategic Imperatives. Basic Books, 1997: Page 124</p>
<p align="left"> </p>
<p align="left">[34]      Brzezinski, Zbigniew. The Grand Chessboard: American Primacy and its Geostrategic Imperatives. Basic Books, 1997: Page 148</p>
<p align="left"> </p>
<p align="left">[35]      Brzezinski, Zbigniew. The Grand Chessboard: American Primacy and its Geostrategic Imperatives. Basic Books, 1997: Page 55</p>
<p align="left"> </p>
<p align="left">[36]      Brzezinski, Zbigniew. The Grand Chessboard: American Primacy and its Geostrategic Imperatives. Basic Books, 1997: Page 198</p>
<p align="left"> </p>
<p align="left">[37]      Jim Garamone, Joint Vision 2020 Emphasizes Full-spectrum Dominance. American Forces Press Service: June 2, 2000:<br />
<a href="http://www.defenselink.mil/news/newsarticle.aspx?id=45289">http://www.defenselink.mil/news/newsarticle.aspx?id=45289</a></p>
<p align="left"> </p>
<p align="left">[38]      Ellen Wood, Empire of Capital. Verso, 2003: page 144</p>
<p align="left"> </p>
<p align="left">[39]      Ellen Wood, Empire of Capital. Verso, 2003: page 157</p>
<p align="left"> </p>
<p align="left">[40]      Ellen Wood, Empire of Capital. Verso, 2003: page 160</p>
<p align="left"> </p>
<p align="left">[41]      Andrew G. Marshall, Origins of Afghan War. Geopolitical Monitor: September 14, 2008:<br />
<a href="http://www.geopoliticalmonitor.com/content/backgrounders/2008-09-14/origins-of-the-afghan-war/">http://www.geopoliticalmonitor.com/content/backgrounders/2008-09-14/origins-of-the-afghan-war/</a></p>
<p align="left"> </p>
<p align="left">[42]      George Monbiot, America’s pipe dream. The Guardian: October 23, 2001:<br />
<a href="http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2001/oct/23/afghanistan.terrorism11">http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2001/oct/23/afghanistan.terrorism11</a></p>
<p align="left"> </p>
<p align="left">[43]      Frank Viviano, Energy future rides on U.S. war. San Francisco Chronicle: September 26, 2001:<br />
<a href="http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?file=/chronicle/archive/2001/09/26/MN70983.DTL">http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?file=/chronicle/archive/2001/09/26/MN70983.DTL</a></p>
<p align="left"> </p>
<p align="left">[44]      Dana Milbank and Justin Blum, Document Says Oil Chiefs Met With Cheney Task Force. Washington Post: November 16, 2005:<br />
<a href="http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/11/15/AR2005111501842_pf.html">http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/11/15/AR2005111501842_pf.html</a></p>
<p align="left"> </p>
<p align="left">[45]      Judicial Watch, CHENEY ENERGY TASK FORCE DOCUMENTS FEATURE MAP OF IRAQI OILFIELDS. Commerce Department: July 17, 2003: <a href="http://www.judicialwatch.org/printer_iraqi-oilfield-pr.shtml">http://www.judicialwatch.org/printer_iraqi-oilfield-pr.shtml</a></p>
<p align="left"> </p>
<p align="left">[46]      TERRY MACALISTER, Criticism as Shell signs $4bn Iraq oil deal. Mail and Guardian: September 30, 2008: <a href="http://www.mg.co.za/article/2008-09-30-criticism-as-shell-signs-4bn-iraq-oil-deal">http://www.mg.co.za/article/2008-09-30-criticism-as-shell-signs-4bn-iraq-oil-deal</a></p>
<p align="left"> </p>
<p align="left">Al-Jazeera, BP group wins Iraq oil contract. Al Jazeera Online: June 30, 2009: <a href="http://english.aljazeera.net/news/middleeast/2009/06/200963093615637434.html">http://english.aljazeera.net/news/middleeast/2009/06/200963093615637434.html</a></p>
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